Teaching Teaching and Understanding Understanding

In my humble quest of practicing teaching I found a really inspiring video on YouTube recently. Although the video below exemplify stereotypical students in their learning situation - it reflects upon many of the challenges related to teaching and understanding from both a teacher and a student perspective. The video starts of by showing how an 'old school' way of approaching teaching is typically related to how you look at the students in terms of who they are (level 1). The next level contemplates on what teachers do and how they teach. Whereas the third level (and yes, this is the one we should focus on) addresses what students do in terms of learning outcomes. Summarized:

level1: what students are (blame students)

level2: what teachers do (blame teachers)
level3: what students do (learning outcomes)

So, if we focus more on learning outcomes we are focusing more on student actions and their own learning process. By considering how the students get the job done in learning the subject we understand that knowledge is constructed as a result of the learners activity. Furthermore, this emphasizes that humans often need patterns in the way they learn by associating new/unknown information with old/known information. Hence, we need to engage and activate students - and understand how they are activated. In order to understand how students might be activated; the following classification scheme is also mentioned in the video:

Solo1: pre-structural (no understanding)
Solo2: uni-structural (to identify, to do procedure)
Solo3: multi-structural (classify, combine)
Solo4: relational (relate, compare, analyze)
Solo5: extended abstract (generalize, hypothesize, theorize)

Whilst Solo 4 and 5 is regarded as deep understanding, solo 2 and 3 is barely considered as surface understanding in the learning process. So, in order to step up on a higher learning level it is imperative that we move away from thinking of long academic lectures that presumes student learning through simple transmission structures; and move towards facilitating student activation.

Constructive Alignment
But how do we match student activity to our intentions within teaching...? Professor John Biggs has introduced the concept of constructive alignment where teachers aspire to develop exams that are aligned with learning outcomes by measuring student ability to explain, relate, prove and apply concepts. We see that the focus is here shifted from typical 'old school' skills as memorization towards engagement and activation. The challenge is therefore to facilitate the use of higher cognitivism amongst the students. This reminds me of an article where the focus is on understanding value as a result of the user's activity: "From thinking about the purpose of firm activity as making something (goods or services) to a process of assisting customers in their own value-creation processes." Vargo & Lusch (2008).

I think the theory is inspiring and thought- provoking. It has made me think more about the importance of facilitating case exercises in class lectures as a critical component so that concepts can be applied and learned through student activity.

Ken Robinson argues that schools kill creativity

I was lucky enough to watch Sir Ken Robinson live at a conference (Innotown) a couple of years ago. Robinson makes an entertaining and profoundly moving case for creating an education system that nurtures (rather than undermines) creativity.

Robinson is an author, speaker and international advisor on education in the arts to government, non-profits, education and arts bodies. He was knighted in 2003 for services to education.

Highly recommended.

Report: New Methods for User-driven Innovation in the Health Care Sector

Hmmm, just came over this interesting report about new methods for user driven innovation in the health care sector - published September 2009. I'm not sure of how 'new' these methods are today, but the report provides a nice overview of the field.

"The report consists of an overview of innovation theory, hereunder user driven innovation directions, an analysis of the health care sector, the need for innovation and the specificities which have to be taken into consideration in innovation processes and a presentation of state of the art examples from the Nordic region and the USA. The Norwegian pilot projects in the NICe program are related to InnoMed, an
organization established and owned by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. This
organization aims to improve health care services through development of new
solutions that cover unmet market needs. InnoMed is working to become a centre of
expertise for user driven innovation, and in order to achieve so they are cooperating
with SINTEF Health Research. Together with SINTEF, InnoMed will evaluate
methodologies for various phases in the innovation process during a five-year project.

Three InnoMed projects were used as case studies in the NICe program on user driven
innovation: impaired hearing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
dementia."

Download the report here

User-driven Service Innovation in Health Care

The user-driven innovation approach has really gained a lot of attention in recent years. Many companies are starting to realize that innovation can arise not only from the research and development department but also from the interaction with partners, suppliers and end-users. Consequently, numerous firms in varying industries are now engaging users to play an active part in the development of new or improved products or services.

User-driven innovation is about mapping and understanding the user's existing and non-recognized needs, then use the knowledge as the basis for the development of new products, processes, organizational forms or service concepts. The user-driven innovation approach is seeking to gain greater focus around what the true needs are of target users and how can they best be met, or even exceeded, through the product or service being developed. Large enterprises in automotive and ICT, which are in the forefront of the global innovation arena, are characterized precisely by the fact that they are skilled in revealing unspoken user needs. These companies have an innovation process that often is much more demand driven than technology driven. Although manufacturing industries have many established methodologies we have to develop and pursue methods which are relevant also for service sectors in order to devise service concepts that satisfy customers unmet needs.

Transferred to the health sector means that we have to include government, hospitals, doctors, specialists and other professionals in health care, patients and their families. This diverse group of stakeholders is an important factor in the health sector with their own demands and various agendas regarding the implementation of innovation projects. Thus, methods for user-driven innovation in other industries, can not be adopted directly to the health sector. Testing, evaluation and adaptation of methods and tools for the development of new services are therefore sought after.

To harness this new wave of invention and creativity companies should put end user's needs in focus, which forms the basis for the development of ideas, conceptualization and final solutions. Also, the approach should address the user's context explicitly in order to have an impact. Finally, an integral concept is stronger, more accurate and is perceived as more meaningful to end users if all facets of this concept are developed based on insights and needs from the users' reality.

Report on User-driven Innovation in the Nordic Region

Nordic Innovation Centre has recently published a report about user driven innovation projects in the Nordic region. This is a field that involves an even greater focus on the user as a source of innovation. The report maps the national initiatives and good examples from individual companies in each Nordic country, and the results are promising. From Norway, one of Tine's innovation processes is studied.

Download the report here

Creativity in Action(!)

Funny how the outcome of a creative process can turn into something completely unimagined. Check out the hilarious video below that illustrates this point quite nicely:

Motivation and incentives related to creative work

How do we become more motivated? Higher salary? Maybe to a certain extent. According to Dan Pink, there are three factors that lead to better performance and personal satisfaction: autonomy, mastery and purpose.

Check out the fantastic video below - called 'The surprising truth about what motivates us'. Now, that's what I call a creative presentation!

Exploring Service Models for Technology Induced Innovations in Elderly Care

I know I haven't written for a while, so here comes an update after my visit to UC Berkeley.

In addition to writing mandatory assignments I have been developing the problem statement for my PhD project – with related hypotheses. For the time being, the problem statement concerns the lack of knowledge and conceptualization related to services in business model constructs. Much of the business model literature still applies the product logic where the user is considered as a passive receiver of value. Consequently, the inclusion of the user’s infrastructure in the value creation logic of business models is seemingly in need of rigorous development. I have therefore spent time on conceptualizing a model where the business model of the provider and user is integrated as part of a service system. By considering two business models, one is compelled to consider the infrastructure (skills, processes and network) of the user as a critical component of a service development endeavor.

In order to test out my hypotheses, technology induced service innovations in elderly care will be the empirical focus of attention. The emerging resource challenges related to the care of elderly as “baby boomers” head for retirement are enormous and indeed call for collaborative efforts. In order to provide sound innovations which might aid care workers and concurrently increase care quality a deep understanding of user needs is required.

A pilot project is now being organized to collect data in Østfold, Norway. The idea is to identify the most important problems in private homes where elderly need help. The focus is set on understanding problem parameters such as: importance, frequency and frustration related to different ‘jobs to be done’. By applying a framework where we are able to understand the infrastructure of the user we might be able to identify accompanying technologies and business models more precisely in the context of Norwegian elderly care.